Louis, M. R. (1985). "Perspectives on Organizational Culture" in P. J. Frost, L. F. Moore, M. R. Louis, C. C. Lundberg and J. Martin. Organizational Culture. Beverly Hills, Sage: 27-29.

The study of culture started as early as Chester Barnard and Mayo. Culture is "considered as th character of an organizaiton, it's climate, ideology, and image. It encoompasses notions of informal organization, norms, and emergent systems.