Knolwes, M. . "The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species." .

A theory is a comprehensive, coherent, and internally consistent system of ideas about a set of phenomena. p. 5

The ancient Chinese and Hebrews invented the case study method. The greeks invented the Socratic dialogue -- the leader pose a question and the group work together to create an answer. The Romans forced group members to state positions and then defend them. Pedegogy grew out of preparing young boys for the priesthood.

Eduard C. Lindeman in The Meaning of Adult Education (1926) stated that:

1. Adults are motivated to learn as they experience needs that learning will satisfy.

2. Adult learning orientation is life-centered. The appropriate units for organizing learning are situations, not subjects.

3. Experience is the richest resource. Anslysis of experience is the core technique.

4. Adults need to be self-directing -- the role of the teacher is to engage in a process of mutual inquiry.

5. Individual differences among people increase with age and need to be accomodated.

Clinical psychology influences -- Freud, June, Erikson, Maslow, Rogers,