Astley, W. G. (1985). "The two ecologies: population and community perspectives on organizational evolution." Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 224-241.

• speciation, punctuated equilibrium, and ecological opportunity to organizational ecology
• produce homogeniety within populations and diversity between them
• population ecology doesn't account for emergence and death of org. populations
• mutation, isolation , and ecological opportunity required for initial growth

Carrol, G. R. and M. T. Hannan (1989). "Density dependence in the evolution of poplations of newspaper organizations." American Sociological Review, 54: 524-548.

• population density function of legitimization and competition
• low density legitimization prevails, high density competition prevails

DiMaggio vs Hannan & Freeman on Emergence of New Organizational Forms (exam question by Keith Rollag)

Hannan, M. T. and J. Freeman (1989). Organizational Ecology,. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

• examine birth and mortality of organizations within a population
• diversity in population occurs through selection than adaptation
• evolution doesn't imply optimization
• relate vital rates to the environment
• how vital rates of one population affected by other populations
• how communities of populations interact